As soon as we passed by the Red Cross blood donation point at the SIUe quadrangle today, Chris and I, and managed to steer our conversation to donation of blood, I knew that I had come to another ktravula moment in the life of this journey. You see, I am conscious of all the dimensions of my Nigerianness, and about a year ago, just after I published my short story Behind the Door, I had had a conversation with an American friend who told me that she had been denied the chance to donate blood in America – for life – just because she ticked “yes” on a pre-donation questionaire that asked whether she has had “sexual contact” with anyone who was from or who had lived in Nigeria and some other sub-saharan African countries between 1977 to date. I didn’t believe it even after she sent me the online questionnaire, so I googled it up myself, and the result was indeed stunning. Nigerians, and everyone who has had sex with them were excluded from donating blood in America. (I don’t know yet if this is the same all over the world). The obvious question then is “Why?”, and it had circled my head for a while now, until that time this afternoon when I came within sight of the Red Cross truck on campus, asking students to donate blood. This website mentions requirements to donating blood in America but does not say why Nigeria is mentioned. So, you guessed it, I went right into the truck, leaving Chris outside to gape at what he said was an obvious time-wasting effort.
There was a sign-in sheet on the table. It had the name of those who are on the waiting list. On the examination table is a young woman whose blood was being taken. She had a pump in her right hand.
“Hi. Can I help you?” A young lady approached me. She wore a white lab coat.
“Yes,” I replied. “I’d like to donate blood.”
“Alright. You will have to write your name in here. The next slot opens at 1.45pm, and there are about three people before you already. Is that fine?”
“Yes, of course it is. I can always come back. But I’d like to know if there’s anything I need to read before you take my blood. Maybe instructions or anything like that.”
“Sure. Here, on the wall, is the first instruction. It’s important to read and understand it. And here is the comprehensive manual that every donor must read and comply with.”
“Can I sit and read it in lieu of going and coming back?”
“Yes, why not. Please sit over there.”
“Thank you.”
And read I did, carefully, until I got to where I am mentioned. Indeed, it’s written there in clear black ink of the excluded list. If you’re from Nigeria, If you have been to Nigeria, or had “sexual contact” with a Nigerian. Or if you have had malaria in the last three years, you CANNOT donate blood. I called her back and asked her why.
“HIV and AIDS, you know.”
“What?”
“HIV/AIDS”
“But you do know that not all Nigerians have HIV and AIDS, right?”
“I guess, but, erm, it’s what the FDA says. We just follow the law.”
“Oh my! So what you’re saying is that you have no way to know which blood is infected and which is not?”
“Like I said, it’s just the law, and we just follow it.”‘
By this time, a more mature looking woman also in a lab coat had shown interest in the conversation but maintained an aloofness that told me that she would allow the younger lady handle the situation rather than get involved. Whenever I looked in her direction expecting her to say something, she just smiled.
“I can’t believe this.” I said, as I gave back the booklet to her. “I guess I have to go now since you don’t want my blood.”
They didn’t say anything so I left, back to listen to Chris say “I told you so.” If she had said they do this because of malaria, I could have been a little more understandable. But AIDS? By population figures, there are probably more HIV infections in North America right now than in West Africa, but it is not so pandemic here because of adequate healthcare and healthy living. With the right technological advancement in medicine in the United States, this definitely did not have to be a factor for denying opportunity to a certain demographic to contribute to efforts to save lives worldwide. If I sound a little upset, it could be because I am at the incredulity of the whole matter. Maybe there are some things that people like me are not meant to understand.
1
Clarissa at http://clarissasbox.blogspot.com/
This is so wrong, Kola. I am so, so sorry that you had to have this horrible experience. I can’t believe that this kind of ignorant xenophobia is promoted right here on campus. I am writing an angry post about it for my blog right now.
Posted at December 4, 2009 on 5:25pm.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
Thank you Clarissa.
I read your post as well as the comment left by Mike.
It is quite easy to get annoyed – like I said, because one would think that there are enough advancement in medicine to prevent unsafe blood for being taken – but in the end, I very much respect the right of the Red Cross to decide from whom they want to receive blood, as long as the reason is not unnecessarily discriminatory, as it seemed in this case.
I think that the main reason why I got annoyed here was the response which the young intern gave me. She could be ignorant herself of the main reason for the stipulation, but she did say HIV/AIDS which I felt to be the most unlikely of reasons. It was hard not to be offended by the suggestion that 1. AIDS is so prevalent that all Nigerians are ruled out, and 2. that in 2009 America, there was no way to screen blood for such a disease. And then the older woman didn’t help either.
It turns out that having had malaria at least once in the last three years, I was ineligible to donate anyway, and this could have been a better excuse.
But then, if Malaria was a reason, how do we explain exclusion based on “sexual contact” with people from Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African republic and the other countries mentioned? Surely, malaria is not spread through sex, protected or not. Therefore, in today’s America, another large population of White/Black Americans who’s had (any form of sexual contact – a very wide definition) with people from Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, who are permanently excluded from giving blood. Add that to White/Black Americans who have visited those said countries between the said time frame and you see how large the exclusion table gets.
Let me safely assume that the stipulations on the form have been there since before a time of medical advancements as this, but have not been changed due to a slow administrative process. That’s the only explanation I could give for exclusion based on any form of “sexual contact’.
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 6:36pm.
3
Obododimma at http://udude.wordpress.com
i sympathize with you, kola, but let’s hope you won’t find out more to make you want to take the next flight back to nigeria. pele o!
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 3:56am.
4
Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
Thanks, but no, it is not that bad. I still give the Red Cross the benefit of the doubt, but at least I hope that this blog post will generate enough to make them re-think the reasons behind the now suspect barring stipulation.
Like I said, malaria was enough to have disqualified me anyway. But not everyone from Nigeria has had malaria in the last three years.
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 6:42pm.
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Bola at http://YourWebsite
If HIV/aids is the reason, can’t they accept a test that says you’re negative?
BTW, I am not allowed to donate blood either.
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 4:09am.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
Apparently, they won’t accept any such proof.
So why are you excluded? Because you’ve lived in Nigeria?
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 6:08am.
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Bola at http://YourWebsite
You cannot donate blood if you (1) were born in, or lived in, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea,Gabon, Niger, or Nigeria, since 1977, (2) since 1977, received a blood transfusion or medical treatment with a blood product in any of these countries, or (3) had sex with anyone who, since 1977, was born in or lived in any of these countries.
http://www.redcross.org/en/eligibility
Posted at December 6, 2009 on 6:33am.
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Bukola at http://YourWebsite
Sorry about your experience. Here are people willing to give their blood to save others but they can’t because of where they’re from or who they know?Just wondering though, isn’t this some kind of racism?
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 3:08pm.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
Thanks Bukola.
The R-word in this case might be a little less appropriate because the exclusion is not based on colour. Apparently, people from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (in Eastern Africa with an even higher HIV/AIDS prevalence) qualify to donate blood, while we don’t. Yet the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in West Africa is around the same as in North America. So I won’t call it racism. It is definitely discriminatory in some way that I still don’t understand, especially since Ghana, Togo, Benin and Ivory Coast (also in West Africa) are also not on the list.
I still haven’t found the specialist who knows why Nigeria and those other countries are there.
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 7:18pm.
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Temitayo at http://http://bookaholicblog.blogspot.com/
Pschew…ew (sorry but couldn’t help it!) Discrimination of the highest order and they go like “Love don’t stigmatise HIV Victims”. Yeah right–you don’t even know if I’m positive or not. She na trouble make person be Naija now or make you don sleep with Nigerian (or someone from other ‘unsafe’ countries)? Amazes me how they say they are so civilized and teach us all ‘civilisation’…yet they say stuff like this. What if one does not tell them the truth about sexual relations with a Nigerian or other ‘banned’ countries. Anyway, na them own trouble be that…They want blood and decide whose blood they do not want, for reasons best known to them. Thus denying people of clean HIV Free blood that can be from citizens of these ‘not-so-clean-countries…Maybe they have their reasons; maybe someone from the Blood bank will stray here and let us know more…and also answer if American blood will be accepted by Red Cross Blood bank in Nigeria? Of course, they are HIV free…
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 3:31pm.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
You’ve raised a valid point about non-disclosure, and I think you’re right that they should think about the possibility that people would refuse to disclose their sexual history if they think it’s may lead to disqualification.
Again, I can’t get my mind over the fact that there is no adequate means right now to know which blood is infected and which is not. At least that’s the impression I get.
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 7:22pm.
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Ikhide at http://YourWebsite
I know this is cold, Kola, but America has every right to protect herself. By the way, this is not about black or white, it is about America’s objective to protect all who live under her umbrella. I applaud her for deigning to protect my sons and daughters from my personal judgement and (the accident) of my birth (in Lagos, Nigeria). I don’t take it personally, even though it hurts badly. If it is any comfort, they don’t behave like Israel where they take your blood and dump it ehrn they think no one is looking, The real tragedy is that if a white person was to go to Nigeria to donate blood today, my people would gladly take the offer *without* any screening whatsoever. Let’s not give in to political correctness. The enemy is within. See you next week, aburo!
Posted at December 5, 2009 on 5:43pm.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
You’re right.
Posted at January 1, 2010 on 2:12am.
14
Nnorom Azuonye at http://www.nnoromazuonye.com
Kola, listen mate, it is all your fault. When you were in the astral plain screening potential parents and country, why did you choose Mr and Mrs Tubosun in Nigeria? Now you raise your arms crying, ‘the Americans don’t want my blood because I am a Nigerian.’ Hell! What do you expect, mate, it is tough being a Nigerian. I know, even me, an accidental Nigerian, I originally and fundamentally a Biafran, I have carried a Nigerian passport since 1981 and it ain’t easy. It has not been easy since. But having blamed you thoroughly for being a Nigerian, I must say that the Americans are a bit daft with their policy on blood donation. I just checked the UK Blood Bank website to see if there is a similar policy. Trust the Brits, they are more sensitive in the way they have put it, but it is there alright, though restricted to 12 months for foreigners who for instance have screwed an African, but then it does not say anything specific about an African who is sexually afrocentric, yet it says it specifically. If that makes sense. Here are the reasons you can’t give blood in Britain:
You should not give blood if:
You’ve already given blood in the last 12 weeks (normally, you must wait 16 weeks).
You have a chesty cough, sore throat or active cold sore.
You’re currently taking antibiotics or you have just finished a course within the last seven days or have had any infection in that last two weeks.
You’ve had hepatitis or jaundice in the last 12 months.
You’ve had a tattoo, semi-permanent make up or any cosmetic treatments that involves skin piercing in the last 6 months.
You’ve had acupuncture in the last 6 months, unless this was done by the NHS or a regesitered doctor or nurse.
A member of your family (parent, brother, sister or child) has suffered with CJD (Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease). To view the position statement on CJD click here.
You’ve ever received human pituitary extract (which was used in some growth hormone or fertility treatments before 1985).
You have received blood or think you may have received blood during the course of any medical treatment or procedure anywhere in the world since 1st January 1980.
You may not be able to give blood if:
You’ve had a serious illness or major surgery in the past or are currently on medication. Please discuss this with the clinical staff. The reason you’re taking medicines may prevent you from donating.
You’ve had complicated dental work. Simple fillings are OK after 24 hours, as are simple extractions after 7 days.
You’ve been in contact with an infectious disease or have been given certain immunisations in the last four weeks.
You’re presently on a hospital waiting list or undergoing medical tests.
You do not weigh over 50kgs (7st 12).
If you are unsure please call our 24 hour donor helpline on 0300 123 23 23.
Pregnancy
You should not give blood if you are pregnant or you are a woman who has had a baby in the last 9 months.
Travel abroad
Please wait 6 months after returning from a malarial area before giving blood. Please also tell us if you have visited Central/South America at any time. (Those who’ve had Malaria, or an undiagnosed illness associated with travel, may not however be able to give blood.)
If you are unsure please call our 24 hour donor helpline on 0300 123 23 23.
West Nile virus
Have you been to or plan to go to CANADA or the UNITED STATES this Summer? If yes, please click here, as it might affect you giving blood.
The special problem of HIV and Hepatitis viruses
* Every single blood donation is tested for HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) and hepatitis B and C.
* Infected blood isn’t used in transfusions but our test may not always detect the early stages of viral infection.
* The chance of infected blood getting past our screening tests is very small, but we rely on your help and co-operation.
* People who carry these viruses may feel healthy for many years.
You should never give blood if:
You have ever had syphilis, HTVL (Human T – lymphotorpic virus), hepatitis B or C or think you may have hepatitis now
You’re a man who’s had sex with another man, even safe sex using a condom. For more information click here.
You’ve ever worked as a prostitute.
You’ve ever injected yourself with drugs – even once.
You should not give blood for 12 months after sex with:
A man who has had sex with another man (if you’re a female).
A prostitute.
Anyone who has ever injected themselves with drugs.
Anyone with haemophilia or a related blood clotting disorder who has received clotting factor concentrates.
Anyone of any race who has been sexually active in parts of the world where AIDS/HIV is very common. This includes countries in Africa.
Please do not give blood if you even think that you need a test for HIV or hepatitis, or if you had sex in the past year with someone you think may be HIV or hepatitis positive.
Posted at December 6, 2009 on 7:03am.
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Kola Tubosun at http://www.ktravula.com
This, at last, could suffice for an explanation. I found it on http://www.redcross.org/en/eligibility#hiv :
In-Depth Discussion of HIV Group O and Blood Donation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. The virus can be transmitted through blood transfusion, so all donor programs are required to question donors about possible HIV exposure, and to test donated blood for this virus.
There is a rare form of HIV called Type O that is found in western Africa. The available tests for HIV do not always detect the Type O strain. This means that blood programs must take special precautions to keep this virus out of the blood supply by not taking blood donations from those who have been where the virus is found.
Persons who were born in or lived in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger and Nigeria since 1977 cannot be blood donors. The Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for supervising the safety of the American blood supply, put this requirement in place in 1996. The requirement applies to all blood donation programs, including that of the American Red Cross. The list of countries with HIV Type O risk is based on information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) where experts monitor infections worldwide.
It is possible that the tests used to screen donated blood may someday be improved so that they detect Type O HIV. If so, these donation restrictions may be removed.
Emphases, mine.
Posted at December 6, 2009 on 9:04pm.
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Kola at http://www.ktravula.com
I’ll tell you why this stipulation doesn’t make sense though: if the worry is all about HIV, could anyone answer these questions:
1. Why exclude those who have only merely LIVED in those places since 1977 without any sexual contact? Does HIV spread through the air we breathe in those places?
2. Why exclue Cameroon, Benin Republic, Togo and Ghana that are all contiguous countries in the same geographical zone of West Africa? What makes those countries chosen peculiar?
3. When will modern medicine be advanced enough to be able to screen out infected blood from all the ones already donated?
4. Can anyone really seriously tell me that this is not discrimination on some fundamental level meriting a loud and sustained protest all around the country?
Posted at September 13, 2010 on 11:22pm.
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Velouria at http://YourWebsite
1. Sexual contact isn’t the only way in which HIV is transmitted. There’s also mother-to-child transmission, sharing infected injecting equipment, needlestick injuries, blood transfusions, and tattoos, piercings and scarification with infected equipment etc.
2. Because as the paragraph above states: “The list of countries with HIV Type O risk is based on information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) where experts monitor infections worldwide.”
3. I don’t know as this is not my line of work. However, if you take a look at this article (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042810.htm), you will see that “manufacturers are working to reconfigure existing HIV-EIA tests to increase sensitivity for divergent HIV strains”.
4. You are entitled to your opinion, but I would say that there is a good reason for this exclusion. If the current screening tests have a high rate of false negatives for HIV Group O, there really isn’t much else they can do at this time other than have this exclusion in place.
Posted at May 31, 2012 on 8:37pm.
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Kola at http://www.ktravula.com
Hello Velouria, and thank you for your comments.
I found a little contradiction in your first and forth points. While I agree that HIV is transmitted through a number of ways, I disagree that the absence of good testing equipment is a justification for exclusion of people on the basis of nationality. What I focused on in this post was the fact that 1. HIV is actually not ALWAYS transmitted by sexual contact. So if someone from America has had sexual contact with someone in Nigeria – with protection, there is more than 50% chance that this American won’t have HIV (even if every Nigerian has HIV, which is not even the case). The second objection is that blood transfusion is also excluded from people who have merely visited Nigeria since 1977. This is definitely not a case against HIV. And if there is a disease that no one has a cure for, which happens only to infect Nigerians, and has been around since 1977, we should know about it by now.
Thanks for coming by.
Posted at May 31, 2012 on 9:43pm.
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Velouria at http://YourWebsite
“I disagree that the absence of good testing equipment is a justification for exclusion of people on the basis of nationality”
Please, it’s not just Nigeria that is excluded due to the lack of good screening tests. Perhaps you’ve been so focused on Nigeria being excluded that you’ve not noticed that people who have spent (whether visiting or living) a cumulative time of 3 months or more in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1996, are also excluded due to the risk of CJD. So as you can see, other countries are also excluded due to a lack of suitable screening tests for potential risks.
“The second objection is that blood transfusion is also excluded from people who have merely visited Nigeria since 1977”
If anything, this demonstrates that the exclusion is due to the potential risk of infection as opposed to being on the basis of nationality, as it excludes people who have merely visited the country.
“And if there is a disease that no one has a cure for, which happens only to infect Nigerians, and has been around since 1977, we should know about it by now.”
Are you denying the existence of HIV Group O? Regardless, it’s not just Nigeria that is excluded for this reason. The same exclusion is in place for Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Niger so don’t take it as a personal attack against Nigeria.
Did you know that people spending a cumulative time of 5 years or more in European countries are excluded due to the risk of CJD, despite that fact that not all European countries have even had cases of CJD?!
So please, stop with all this talk as if it’s just Nigeria being excluded because that really isn’t true.
Posted at June 1, 2012 on 7:46pm.
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Clarissa at http://clarissasbox.blogspot.com/
I’ve been thinking back to this post a lot today during my own blood-donating experience: http://clarissasbox.blogspot.com/2010/09/ukrainian-blood.html
Posted at September 23, 2010 on 2:52pm.
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Kola at http://www.ktravula.com
Nice post. I thought about it while staring at the truck on campus today myself. Well, they can have your blood. I’m keeping mine till further notice.
Posted at September 23, 2010 on 3:11pm.